💨 Abstract

In July 2025, the Trump administration appealed a federal court order that blocked immigration arrests without probable cause in parts of California. The order, issued by Judge Maame Ewusi-Mensah Frimpong, required the Department of Homeland Security to develop guidelines for determining "reasonable suspicion" based on factors other than race, ethnicity, language, location, or type of work. The appeal argued that Frimpong's order interfered with executive branch authority.

Courtesy: WTOP Staff